4^th International Conference on
Innovative and Smart Materials

Chen Lai received her PhD from Hunan University for studies on biomaterials. She is Vice director of biomedical engineering center in Shenzhen institute Peking University, with responsibility for research activities on bacterial nano-cellulose (BC). Major research areas are BC modification and its clinical applications

The current study was designed to evaluate and directly compare the biomechanics and biocompatibiltiy properties of the novel bacterial cellulose (BC) and poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)/BC composite meshes. Composite mesh was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), demonstrating that PLGA only adheres to the BC surface. Laser perforation generated isotropic, flat and stable structures that prevented deformation under pressure and reduced the risk of potential bacterial colonization. In contrast to the pure BC mesh, the results of the in vitro study, which involved protein adsorption and cell-material interaction, suggested that composite mesh preferentially adsorbed bovine serum albumin (BSA) and enhanced the expression of type I collagen in fibroblasts. PLGA/BC mesh caused less inflammation and was surrounded by newly formed connective tissue composed of type I collagen after implantation in a rabbit model for one week, demonstrating that the novel mesh is fully biocompatible and can integrate into surrounding tissues. From this study, PLGA/BC mesh may prove to be a viable clinical alternative to existing materials.

Hyoung-Joon Jin is a Professor of Polymer Science and Engineering in Inha University (Incheon, South Korea), where he received the Ph.D. degree (2000), Master's degree (1996) and B.A. (1994). From 2001 to 2003, he was a postdoctoral Fellow of Chemical & Biological Engineering in Tufts University (USA), where he started to work in the field of natural polymers for medical applications. His main research interests are currently in nanostructured carbons for energy storage and conversion, and nanofabrication of polymeric materials and biopolymers, especially silk fibroins and bacterial celluloses, for electronic devices.

Silk is natural structured material composed of mainly two kinds of amino acids, glycine and alanine up to 80%, resulting in the highly conserved repeat units such as poly-(Gly-Ala) and poly-Ala domains. These repetitive peptide domains promote the polypeptides to construct the β-sheet conformations by numerous inter-/intra-hydrogen bonds, the most stable secondary structure in proteins. And the parallel alignment of these strong β-sheet crystals along the fibre axis results in mechanical robustness and chemical stability of silk. Moreover, the β-sheet crystals are not burned out even after pyrolysis and restructured to form unsaturated or aromatic structures by heating above 350 °C. And by further heating by 2,800 °C, they developed into pseudo-graphitic structures. However, although the exceptional theoretical modulus and strength of graphite up to ~1 TPa and ~120 GPa, respectively, the silk-derived fibres with disordered graphitic structures possess poor mechanical properties even hard to measure. Here, I demonstrated that a long-range ordered graphitic structure along the fibre axis can be realized from the inherent microstructure of silk through simple heating with axial stretching. The hexagonal carbon layers, pyroproteins, induced from the β-sheet protein molecules maintain the parallel alignment along the fibre axis and were developed into highly ordered sp2 carbon structure by further heating up to 2,800 °C, resulting in the remarkable tensile strength and Young’s modulus up to ~2.5 GPa and ~450 GPa, respectively. Considering that in the early development stage, the carbon fibres produced from the conventional precursor, polyacrylonitrile, revealed only ~ 1GPa and ~100 GPa of tensile strength and Young’s modulus, respectively, these pyroprotein-based fibres prepared with a facile process show a great potential to surpass the strongest fibres available today. And the lightweight and physicochemical-/thermo-stable characteristics compared with traditional inorganic materials provide them with extensive applications in aero-space, automobile, and civil engineering. In addition, the bio-derived fibres consisting of the large conjugated aromatic domains reveal the high electrical conductivity up to 4.37 × 103 S/cm, expanding their application fields to the high-technology industries such as energy storage/conversion system, e-textile, robotics, bio-electronics, and bio-medicals.